validating client (user) identity
validating server (system) identity
validating both (mutual authentication)
Basis
validating both (mutual authentication)
Basis
What you know
What you have
What you are
What you are
Passwords
How UNIX does selection
Problem: common passwords; go through Morris and Thompson;
Klein and mine, etc.
May be pass phrases: goal is to make search space as large as possible,
distribution as uniform as possible
Other ways to force good password selection: random, pronounceable,
computer-aided selection
Go through problems, approaches to each, esp. proactive
Password Storage
In the clear; MULTICS story
Enciphers; key must be kept available; get to it and it's all over
Hashed; present idea of one-way functions using identity and sum
Show UNIX version
Attack Schemes Directed to the Passwords
Exhaustive search: UNIX is 1-8 chars, say 96 possibles; it's about 7e16
Inspired guessing: think of what people would like (see above)
Random guessing: can't defend against it; bad login messages aid it
Scavenging: passwords often typed where they might be recorded
as login name, in other contexts, etc.
Ask the user: very common with some public access services
Expected time to guess
Password aging
Pick age so when password is guessed, it's no longer valid
Implementation: track previous passwords vs. upper, lower time bounds
Ultimate in aging: One-Time Pads
Password is valid for only one use
May work from list, or new password may be generated from old by a function
Example: S/Key
Challenge-response systems
Computer issues challenge, user presents response to verify secret
information known/item possessed
Example operations: f(x) = x+1, random,
string (for users without computers), time of day, computer sends
E(x), you answer E(D(E(x))+1)
Note: password never sent on wire or network
Attack: monkey-in-the-middle
Defense: mutual authentication (will discuss more sophisticated
network-based protocols later)
Biometrics
Depend on physical characteristics
Examples: pattern of typing (remarkably effective), retinal scans,
etc.
Location
Bind user to some location detection device (human, GPS)
Authenticate by location of the device
Send email to
[email protected].
Department of Computer Science
University of California at Davis
Davis, CA 95616-8562
Page last modified on 11/4/99
How UNIX does selection
Problem: common passwords; go through Morris and Thompson;
Klein and mine, etc.
May be pass phrases: goal is to make search space as large as possible,
distribution as uniform as possible
Other ways to force good password selection: random, pronounceable,
computer-aided selection
Go through problems, approaches to each, esp. proactive
May be pass phrases: goal is to make search space as large as possible,
distribution as uniform as possible
Other ways to force good password selection: random, pronounceable,
computer-aided selection
Go through problems, approaches to each, esp. proactive
Go through problems, approaches to each, esp. proactive
In the clear; MULTICS story
Enciphers; key must be kept available; get to it and it's all over
Hashed; present idea of one-way functions using identity and sum
Show UNIX version
Hashed; present idea of one-way functions using identity and sum
Show UNIX version
Attack Schemes Directed to the Passwords
Exhaustive search: UNIX is 1-8 chars, say 96 possibles; it's about 7e16
Inspired guessing: think of what people would like (see above)
Random guessing: can't defend against it; bad login messages aid it
Scavenging: passwords often typed where they might be recorded
as login name, in other contexts, etc.
Ask the user: very common with some public access services
Expected time to guess
Password aging
Pick age so when password is guessed, it's no longer valid
Implementation: track previous passwords vs. upper, lower time bounds
Ultimate in aging: One-Time Pads
Password is valid for only one use
May work from list, or new password may be generated from old by a function
Example: S/Key
Challenge-response systems
Computer issues challenge, user presents response to verify secret
information known/item possessed
Example operations: f(x) = x+1, random,
string (for users without computers), time of day, computer sends
E(x), you answer E(D(E(x))+1)
Note: password never sent on wire or network
Attack: monkey-in-the-middle
Defense: mutual authentication (will discuss more sophisticated
network-based protocols later)
Biometrics
Depend on physical characteristics
Examples: pattern of typing (remarkably effective), retinal scans,
etc.
Location
Bind user to some location detection device (human, GPS)
Authenticate by location of the device
Send email to
[email protected].
Department of Computer Science
University of California at Davis
Davis, CA 95616-8562
Page last modified on 11/4/99
Exhaustive search: UNIX is 1-8 chars, say 96 possibles; it's about 7e16
Inspired guessing: think of what people would like (see above)
Random guessing: can't defend against it; bad login messages aid it
Scavenging: passwords often typed where they might be recorded
as login name, in other contexts, etc.
Ask the user: very common with some public access services
Expected time to guess
Random guessing: can't defend against it; bad login messages aid it
Scavenging: passwords often typed where they might be recorded
as login name, in other contexts, etc.
Ask the user: very common with some public access services
Expected time to guess
Ask the user: very common with some public access services
Expected time to guess
Pick age so when password is guessed, it's no longer valid
Implementation: track previous passwords vs. upper, lower time bounds
Ultimate in aging: One-Time Pads
Password is valid for only one use
May work from list, or new password may be generated from old by a function
Example: S/Key
Challenge-response systems
Computer issues challenge, user presents response to verify secret
information known/item possessed
Example operations: f(x) = x+1, random,
string (for users without computers), time of day, computer sends
E(x), you answer E(D(E(x))+1)
Note: password never sent on wire or network
Attack: monkey-in-the-middle
Defense: mutual authentication (will discuss more sophisticated
network-based protocols later)
Biometrics
Depend on physical characteristics
Examples: pattern of typing (remarkably effective), retinal scans,
etc.
Location
Bind user to some location detection device (human, GPS)
Authenticate by location of the device
Ultimate in aging: One-Time Pads
Password is valid for only one use
May work from list, or new password may be generated from old by a function
Example: S/Key
Challenge-response systems
Computer issues challenge, user presents response to verify secret
information known/item possessed
Example operations: f(x) = x+1, random,
string (for users without computers), time of day, computer sends
E(x), you answer E(D(E(x))+1)
Note: password never sent on wire or network
Attack: monkey-in-the-middle
Defense: mutual authentication (will discuss more sophisticated
network-based protocols later)
Biometrics
Depend on physical characteristics
Examples: pattern of typing (remarkably effective), retinal scans,
etc.
Location
Bind user to some location detection device (human, GPS)
Authenticate by location of the device
Password is valid for only one use
May work from list, or new password may be generated from old by a function
Example: S/Key
Example: S/Key
Computer issues challenge, user presents response to verify secret
information known/item possessed
Example operations: f(x) = x+1, random,
string (for users without computers), time of day, computer sends
E(x), you answer E(D(E(x))+1)
Note: password never sent on wire or network
Attack: monkey-in-the-middle
Defense: mutual authentication (will discuss more sophisticated
network-based protocols later)
Note: password never sent on wire or network
Attack: monkey-in-the-middle
Defense: mutual authentication (will discuss more sophisticated
network-based protocols later)
Defense: mutual authentication (will discuss more sophisticated network-based protocols later)
Biometrics
Depend on physical characteristics
Examples: pattern of typing (remarkably effective), retinal scans,
etc.
Location
Bind user to some location detection device (human, GPS)
Authenticate by location of the device
Depend on physical characteristics
Examples: pattern of typing (remarkably effective), retinal scans,
etc.
Bind user to some location detection device (human, GPS)
Authenticate by location of the device
Send email to
[email protected].
Department of Computer Science
University of California at Davis
Davis, CA 95616-8562